NSA Create a Yottabytes HDD Capacity (1 Trillion GB)

The NSA is building a 92 903 square meters of indoor areas of storage and costs about $ 2 billion a hard drive. This site plan will be implemented in 2015 to store data yottabyte can be predicted. Well, you certainly seek yottabyte right? Please tell me how much it yottabyte.

How now, yottabyte one knows how much? What is to be saved, perhaps it is possible to provide all the information that exists in this world. Even hard drives of this size, if it detects a 1 TB hard disk space for each use it, we can imagine how much capacity will be difficult to achieve. They calculate and back, the hard drive of about 1,000. But from what I read we, NSA is on the market every time, usually have the latest technology not because of the possibility of using the hard disk capacity from 25 to 100 TB per unit and how, NSA is much large hard disk is considered.

– 1.000 Gigabytes (GB) = 1 Terabytes (TB)

– 1.000 Terabytes (TB) = 1 Petabytes (PB)

– 1.000 Petabytes (PB) = 1 exabytes 

– 1.000 Exabytes = 1 Zettabyte

– 1.000 Zettabytes = 1 Yottabytes

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Blue Mountain, Ontario: Winter Tourist Places in Canada

Travel and tourism is also a holiday in Canada, such as the one you want. In Canada, the attraction of what it is worth a visit, is there? In Canada, special, following the main tourist attractions. This Niagara Falls, CN Tower, Banff, there are various parks. But let's start in the Blue Mountains, Ontario is as follows:

Blue Mountain, Ontario

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Clean, cheap hydrogen production from water using cobalt catalyst

For years, proponents of the hydrogen economy have argued that hydrogen will replace traditional hydrocarbon fuels for transportation purposes. But, so far, a lack of new, inexpensive methods for hydrogen production and storage has impeded this goal. Over the last several years, an MIT professor has been pushing cobalt catalysts as a cheap replacement for the expensive metals typically used to split water. A paper in this week'sProceedings of the National Academies of Science describes the latest progress here: integrating the cobalt catalyst with a silicon solar cell to create a device that uses the sun to split water.

Hydrogen is a desirable fuel, because when it is burned or otherwise consumed (as in a fuel cell), it only produces water, although combustion results in small amounts of nitrogen oxides as by-products. However, unlike traditional liquid or gas fuels, hydrogen doesn't exist in its molecular form on Earth, so it must be produced from other sources—it is an energy carrier, rather than an energy source.

The primary industrial method for hydrogen production is steam reforming of hydrocarbons such as oil, coal, and natural gas, where high-temperature steam reacts with the fuel to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide. But this method is unattractive for a few reasons: the resulting hydrogen is more expensive than the starting fuel, carbon dioxide is still produced (although easier to capture and store at a central location than on a vehicle), and it relies on fossil fuel sources. Due to these limitations, researchers are developing clean and renewable methods of hydrogen production, focusing on solar-based approaches.

Photoelectrochemical water splitting, also known as artificial photosynthesis, essentially combines a photovoltaic solar cell with electrolysis, the process of using electrical current to break water into oxygen and hydrogen. The most efficient devices of this nature, tandem GaInP2/GaAs cells, use platinum catalysts to significantly reduce the energy required to split the water. They can achieve a solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 16.5 percent. However, both the cell and the catalyst are extremely expensive, and require a high-pH (basic) electrolyte solution to operate, which degrades the materials over time.

Silicon, another semiconductor traditionally employed in photovoltaics, has also been used in less-efficient photoelectrochemical cells (2.5-8 percent so far), but they can be significantly less expensive than the gallium-based cells due to the abundance of silicon. The Si-based devices developed up to this point use the semiconductor surface as a catalyst, but this setup also requires an extremely basic solution—so these suffer the same stability problems over time. To this end, the authors of the current paper integrated a silicon-based photoelectrochemical cell with a cobalt-phosphate (Co-Pi) catalyst that can operate in a neutral pH solution. In addition to avoiding the degrading properties of a high-pH environment, the cobalt-based catalyst is inexpensive compared to a traditional platinum catalyst.

The Co-Pi catalyst acts like—and is structurally similar to—the oxygen-evolving (or water-splitting) complex (OEC), the enzyme used in photosynthesis to break down water. Like the OEC, it also exhibits high activity at room temperature in both seawater and fresh water, and operates under neutral pH conditions. This means that, unlike the previous designs, this device doesn't run into any stability problems over time. When combined with an np-Si junction, the catalyst can increase the efficiency of photoelectrochemical water splitting. We'vecovered this catalyst before being used with zinc oxide, but this is the first demonstration with silicon.

This device in its current configuration looks like a sandwich: a 10 μm photoresist, a 140 nm patterned metal contact (Ti/Pd/Ag), n-type Si, p-type Si, a 1.5 nm SiO2 interface, a 50 nm indium tin oxide (ITO) protective layer, and the Co-Pi catalyst film. The photoresist on the n-side protects the metal contacts and silicon from water, while the ITO layer on the p-side protects the silicon from water that penetrates the catalyst. The sunlight or artificial illumination hits the n-side, passing through the photoresist.

The primary result of this paper (other than demonstration of the new catalyst integrated with a silicon cell) is that most of the generated potential was used towards the water splitting. As a proof-of-concept, this device is promising, but significant effort will still be needed to develop this concept into a functioning photoelectrochemical cell.

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How your pillow is the perfect breeding ground for gruesome array of pests and diseases

Sleeping comfortably? A study has found that as much as a third of a pillow could be made up of bugs, dead skin, dust mites and their faeces

It is not a thought conducive to a good night’s sleep: Up to a third of the weight of your pillow could be made up of bugs, dead skin, dust mites and their faeces.

Pillows – and the stuffy bedroom air that surrounds them – are ideal breeding grounds for undesirables ranging from the superbugs MRSA and C.diff to flu, chicken pox and even leprosy, scientists said yesterday.

While some of the bugs will only be found lurking in hospitals or in tropical climes, others will be making themselves at home in the comfort of your bed, Dr Arthur Tucker warned.

He spoke out after studying the ‘health’ of hundreds of pillows used by patients in hospitals run by Barts and the London NHS Trust.

The tests revealed high levels of ‘living’ contamination on the outside of the pillows. In some cases, rips and tears meant that the germs had found their way into the filling. Some pillows were contaminated with the E.coli stomach bug. Others contained germs that can cause respiratory and urinary tract infections.

Many hospital-issue pillows had more than one million Staphylococcus hominus per millilitre – the bug can cause severe infections in people with weakened immune systems. Dr Tucker described the level as a ‘bio-hazard’. He said: ‘The presence of these bugs means that they can and will be passed to patients.’

Disease-ridden: Pillows absorb bodily fluids and are an ideal home for colonies of bacteria

Dr Tucker, principal clinical scientist at Barts’ vascular unit, compared the bugs growing on and in standard hospital pillows with those found in anti-bacterial versions.

He found SleepAngel pillows, made by the Irish firm Gabriel Scientific, were less likely to be contaminated on the surface than the standard NHS ones – and none tested positive for germs inside.

But the problem of bugs in pillows is not confined to hospitals. Dr Tucker warned that up to a third of the weight of your pillow could be made up of bugs, dead skin and house dust mites and their faeces.

Bacteria feast on these and multiply on and inside the pillows – some of which will never be washed.

Duncan Bain, technical director of Gabriel Scientific, said: ‘If you had to come up with a medium to cultivate bacteria, besides a Petri dish with agar [a gelatinous food], a pillow is pretty much as good as you can get.

‘It is a wet sponge that absorbs bodily fluids of various kinds providing nutrients. It is kept at the ideal temperature by the warm body lying on top.’

David Woolfson, the firm’s co-founder, said: ‘It is not just a problem for hospitals. It is an issue for anyone who wants to get a good night’s sleep.’

Bed bug: Up to 100,000 dust mites may be living in your pillow

Dr Tucker warned that simply popping on a clean pillow case is not enough. ‘People put a clean pillow case on and it looks and smells nice and fresh but you are wrapping up something really nasty underneath,’ he said.

But leading bacteriologist Professor Hugh Pennington urged people not to worry about their pillows – pointing out that they will simply contain the bugs they have already.

He added: ‘There is plenty of opportunity to spread bugs partner to partner without pillows.’

For those who can’t afford new pillows, experts recommend putting synthetic and down pillows in the washing machine once every one to three months.

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The Star of the Paris Air Show: An Emission-Free Hypersonic Jet

Boeing showed off its new plane -- and boasted about big, multi-billion-dollar orders for the coming years -- but the real star of the Paris Air Show this past weekend was the ZEHST, which stands for Zero Emission Hypersonic Transportation. It will take about 40 years to build, but the mock-up attracted a lot of visitors when it was displayed at Le Bourget Airport for the oldest and biggest air show in the world.

Seen as the heir to the Aerospatiale-BAC Concorde, the ZEHST will reach speeds of up to 3,125 mph on a mix of oxygen and hydrogen. "The project is being overseen by Airbus' parent company, EADS, based in Toulouse, France," AOL reported. "EADS expects the planes to carry roughly 100 passengers, and expects that the aircraft will be able to launch for a regular runway, omitting the 'sonic boom' noises of the Concorde."

At projects speeds, flights on the ZEHST will take only minutes. A trip from New York to London could be cut down to only about an hour; London to Istanbul, 30 minutes.

"It is not a Concorde but it looks like a Concorde, showing that aerodynamics of the 1960s were already very smart," Jean Botti, innovation and technology director of EADS, told the Daily Mail. "The plane would fly just above the atmosphere, meaning it could fly at more than 3,000 mph."

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Researchers undercut anonymity of voting, test-taking

At some point in your life you've probably been asked to take out a #2 pencil and fill in a series of numbered ovals. This method for gathering standardized data is widely used in elections, tests, and surveys, and it's generally considered to be anonymous: if you don't put your name at the top, you don't expect your answers can be traced back to you.

New research from Princeton University calls that assumption into question. A team led by computer science professor (and current Chief Technologist of the Federal Trade Commission) Ed Felten has demonstrated software techniques for re-identification of respondents using only images of their filled-in bubbles. Their technology has both benign uses—detecting cheating in standardized tests—and malicious ones like undermining the secret ballot.

Co-author Will Clarkson described the group's findings in a Tuesday blog post. The researchers obtained copies of surveys completed by 92 different high school students, which they scanned with a high-resolution scanner. A labeled subset of the bubbles—12 bubbles from each respondent—was used to train a classifier that used a combination of machine learning techniques described in the research paper.

This classifier was then given the remainder of the bubbles—8 from each respondent—and the classifier was asked to re-identify them. It was surprisingly accurate. It got the right answer on the first try (out of 92 options) more than half the time. And the correct answer was on its top ten list more than 90 percent of the time.

The technique has a number of possible applications, both positive and negative. One negative application involves undermining the secret ballot. Some jurisdictions, such as Humboldt County, CA, offer digital imagesof all ballots cast in recent elections. If a third party obtained a sample of filled-in bubbles from a known Humboldt County voter—perhaps as part of an employment applications—he could use the Princeton team's techniques to identify the voter's ballot.

In principle, this raises voter intimidation concerns. For example, an employer might threaten to fire employees who fail to vote for his preferred candidates. But Joe Calandrino, the study's lead author, concedes that the 51 percent accuracy rate "does leave some room for deniability" for a voter who faces such intimidation. The problem deserves further study, but Humboldt County voters shouldn't lose sleep over it.

A more positive application of the team's research is the detection of cheating. For example, a high school teacher whose students are taking a high-stakes test might be tempted to fill in some answers for his students after they have turned them in. The techniques described by Calandrino et al could be used to scan a large number of documents looking for evidence that the same person filled out bubbles on multiple tests.

Here too, there are questions about whether the algorithm is powerful enough to give useful results. But Calandrino argues it would. First, in this application the algorithm would have many more samples to work with, which might improve its accuracy. More importantly, Calandrino says that he "sees our work as fitting in with other risk-based approaches, like answer analysis." By itself, the algorithm may not be able to definitively prove someone cheated, but it offers valuable, independent evidence of wrongdoing.

We covered related work in 2009. The same Princeton team found that variations in the structure of paper allowed it to be "fingerprinted" with a commodity scanner.

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World's richest show growing appetite for life's luxuries

Ferrari's new FF car on show at the 81st Geneva car show in Geneva in March 2011. Photograph: Denis Balibouse/Reuters

As the world's richest people got even richer, so did their appetite for the playthings needed to satisfy their lifestyles. Growing wealth from the emerging economies, largely in Asia Pacific, helped spur the demand for these so-called "investments of passion".

Sales of luxury cars jumped, with Mercedes-Benz reporting a rise in sales in China and Hong Kong of 112%, outpacing the total rise in its sales of 5%. Ferrari had its best ever year in China.

Chinese buyers are also pushing up the price of art. Last year, Bright Road, by contemporary Chinese artist Liu Ye, sold for three times the estimated price at auction. Chinese collectors are also passionate about European art. Two world records were set last year: $104.3m (£65m) for a Giacometti sculpture was later surpassed by a Picasso painting which fetched $106.5m.

In 2010, Sotheby's set a 40-year record for the amount raised at wine auctions, with sales from its Hong Kong branch rising 268%. And Russian and Middle Eastern buyers are thought to have helped push up the price of diamonds to record levels.

Those from the Middle East are also interested in investing in football clubs such as Abu Dhabi-owned Manchester City, though the report by Merrill Lynch and Capgemini cited the most notable sports investment for 2010 as the sale of the St Louis Rams to entrepreneur Stan Kroenke. US basketball star Michael Jordan also bought a controlling interest in the Charlotte Bobcats basketball team.

Some of the indulgence in "passionate" investments can also make good business sense, especially if the wealthy are trying to diversify away from financial markets. Art falls into this category, as 42% of advisers to the rich reckon they buy it in the hope their investment will gain value.

http://www.guardian.co.uk

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World's wealthiest people now richer than before the credit crunch

We are not all in this together. The UK economy is flat, the US is weak and the Greek debt crisis, according to some commentators, is threatening another Lehman Brothers-style meltdown. But a new report shows the world's wealthiest people are getting more prosperous – and more numerous – by the day.

The globe's richest have now recouped the losses they suffered after the 2008 banking crisis. They are richer than ever, and there are more of them – nearly 11 million – than before the recession struck.

In the world of the well-heeled, the rich are referred to as "high net worth individuals" (HNWIs) and defined as people who have more than $1m (£620,000) of free cash.

According to the annual world wealth report by Merrill Lynch and Capgemini, the wealth of HNWIs around the world reached $42.7tn (£26.5tn) in 2010, rising nearly 10% in a year and surpassing the peak of $40.7tn reached in 2007, even as austerity budgets were implemented by many governments in the developed world.

The report also measures a category of "ultra-high net worth individuals" – those with at least $30m rattling around, looking for a home. The number of individuals in this super-rich bracket climbed 10% to a total of 103,000, and the total value of their investments jumped by 11.5% to $15tn, demonstrating that even among the rich, the richest get richer quicker. Altogether they represent less than 1% of the world's HNWIs – but they speak for 36% of HNWI's total wealth.

Age also helps: more than eight out of 10 of the world's wealthiest people are aged over 45. So does being male: women account for just over a quarter of the total – though this is slightly higher than in 2008. The highest proportion of wealthy women is in North America – 37% of HNWIs – while the lowest is in the Middle East, which has 14%.

Generally, HNWIs are most concentrated in the US, Japan and Germany: 53% of the world's most wealthy live in one of those three countries, but it is Asian-Pacific countries where the ranks of the rich are swelling fastest. For the first time last year the region surpassed Europe in terms of HNWI individuals.

This scale of wealth of the richest people in Asia Pacific – fuelled by the fast-growing economies in China and India – is now threatening to overtake North America, where the value of the wealth rose more slowly – 9% – to reach $11.6tn.

The richest people in the Asia-Pacific region have also fared better since the crisis. Their wealth is now up 14.1% since 2007 while individuals in North America and Europe are yet to recoup the losses they suffered during the banking crisis.

Britain is lagging behind in the league of affluence – it has not yet enjoyed a return to pre-crisis levels of wealth as sluggish economic growth holds back prospects. The growth in the number of rich individuals in the UK was among the slowest in the top 10 nations, showing a 1.4% rise to 454,000 and remaining below the 495,000 recorded in 2007.

The report said that while the UK stock market rose almost 30% and GDP grew 1.3% – after contracting by 4.9% in 2009 – the fortunes of the rich were held back by falling house prices and the rise in unemployment. Their prospects might improve next year, however. "Construction spending for the 2012 London Olympics is expected to help propel the economy and the housing market recovery," the report said.

The 1.4% rise in the number of rich people in Britain compares with a 7.2% rise in Germany and 8.3% in the US – where there are 3.1m HNWIs – and the 3.4% rise in France.

India moved into the top 12, with a 20.8% rise to 153,000, for the first time, while Italy, 10th in the table, endured a contraction in the number of wealthy people from 190,000 to 170,000.

The performance of investments made by wealthy individuals in shares and commodities, and their willingness to take more risks, helps drive their wealth, which in turn fuels "passion" purchases of multimillionaire must-haves, ranging from Ferraris to diamonds, art and fine wines. Demand for such luxuries is especially high among the growing number of wealthy individuals in the emerging markets.

The report warns of problems for this year, saying "the path to global recovery will likely be uneven and various risks remain".

It added: "The global effects of the financial crisis receded in 2010 but aftershocks still materialised in many forms, including the sovereign debt crisis in Europe and the growing burden of a gaping fiscal deficit in the US. These types of shocks showed the fragility of the economic recovery and could still pose an obstacle to growth in 2011".

The pace of growth in the wealthy has returned to a "more sustainable pace" since last year's report, when there was a 17% rise in the number of HNWIs to 10 million, reaching pre-crisis levels.

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Low-calorie diet offers hope of cure for type 2 diabetes

Scientists at Newcastle University claim a low calorie diet can cure type 2 diabetes Photograph: Getty

People who have had obesity-related type 2 diabetes for years have been cured, at least temporarily, by keeping to an extreme, low-calorie, diet for two months, scientists report today.

The discovery, reported by scientists at Newcastle University, overturns previous assumptions about type 2 diabetes, which was thought to be a lifelong illness.

In the UK about two and a half million people have been diagnosed with diabetes, the large majority with type 2, and numbers are rising across much of the world. The condition has to be controlled with drugs and eventually insulin injections. It can cause blindness and end in foot amputation, as well as shortening life.

The results of the Newcastle investigation, though the study was small, demonstrated that full recovery was possible, not through drugs but through diet.

Eleven people with diabetes took part in the study, which was funded by Diabetes UK. They had to slash their food intake to just 600 calories a day for two months. But three months later seven of the 11 were free of diabetes.

"To have people free of diabetes after years with the condition is remarkable – and all because of an eight-week diet," said Roy Taylor, professor at Newcastle University, who led the study. "This is a radical change in understanding type 2 diabetes. It will change how we can explain it to people newly diagnosed with the condition. While it has long been believed that someone with type 2 diabetes will always have the disease, and that it will steadily get worse, we have shown that we can reverse the condition."

Type 2 diabetes, which used to be known as adult onset, is caused by too much glucose in the blood. It is strongly linked to obesity, unlike type 1, which usually develops in children whose bodies are unable to make the hormone insulin to convert glucose from food into energy. They need daily insulin injections.

The research, presented today at the American Diabetes Association conference, shows that an extremely low-calorie diet, consisting of diet drinks and non-starchy vegetables, prompts the body to remove the fat clogging the pancreas and preventing it from making insulin.

The volunteers were closely supervised by a medical team and matched with the same number of volunteers with diabetes who did not get the special diet. After just one week into the study, the pre-breakfast blood sugar levels of the study group had returned to normal. And MRI scans showed that the fat levels in the pancreas had returned to normal. The pancreas regained its ability to make insulin.

After the eight-week diet the volunteers returned to normal eating but had advice on healthy foods and portion size. Ten of the group were retested and seven had stayed free of diabetes.

Taylor, the director of the Newcastle Magnetic Resonance Centre, had the idea for the study after it was shown that diabetes was reversed in people who had undergone stomach stapling or other forms of bariatric surgery because of obesity. "What was remarkable was that the diabetes went away over the course of one week. It was widely believed the operation itself had done something, [that] the hormones in the gut were thought to be the cause. That is almost universally believed."

Taylor thought the massive drop in calorie intake after surgery could be responsible and to test this hypothesis set up the study, which included MRI scans of the pancreas to look at any changes in the fatty deposits.

"We believe this shows that type 2 diabetes is all about energy balance in the body," said Taylor. "If you are eating more than you burn, then the excess is stored in the liver and pancreas as fat, which can lead to type 2 diabetes in some people. What we need to examine further is why some people are more susceptible to developing diabetes than others."

He warned that only a minority of people, perhaps 5% or 10%, would be able to stick to the harsh diet necessary to get rid of diabetes. But even that, he said, would dramatically improve the health of many people and save the NHS millions.

Iain Frame, director of research at Diabetes UK, said people should not embark on such a diet without a doctor's approval and help. "We welcome the results of this research because it shows that type 2 diabetes can be reversed, on a par with successful surgery without the side effects.

"However, this diet is not an easy fix and Diabetes UK strongly recommends that such a drastic diet should only be undertaken under medical supervision. Despite [it] being a very small trial, we look forward to future results, particularly to see whether the reversal remains long term."

Gordon Parmley, 67, of Stocksfield, Newcastle upon Tyne, a trial participant, said he first noticed something was wrong when his vision went "fuzzy" and he had trouble focusing while playing golf. He had been on medication since being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes six years ago.

He said: "When my doctor mentioned the trial I thought I'd give it a go, as it might help me and other diabetics. I came off my tablets and had three diet shakes a day and some salad or vegetables, but it was very, very, difficult and I'm not sure I'd have done it without the support of my wife, who went on a diet alongside me.

" At first the hunger was quite severe and I had to distract myself with something else – walking the dog, playing golf, or doing anything to occupy myself and take my mind off food. But I lost an astounding amount of weight in a short space of time.

"At the end of the trial I was told my insulin levels were normal, and after six years I no longer needed my diabetes tablets. Still today, 18 months on, I don't take them.

"It's astonishing really that a diet – hard as it was – could change my health so drastically. After six years of having diabetes I can tell the difference. I feel better, even walking round the golf course is easier."

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Anarchy Online celebrates 10 years this weekend

It seems like there's an MMO anniversary happening every other day around these parts. While it's indeed commendable for some of these games to last a year or three, Funcom's Anarchy Online has just reached the lofty summit reserved for the likes of EverQuest and Ultima Online: Yep, Rubi-Ka is 10 years old and still going strong.

Funcom has issued a press release that's heavy on the innovative aspects of the world's first sci-fi MMORPG. "Instancing, massive player vs. player combat, digital download of games, in-game advertisement, virtual world radio, concerts, virtual items, and freemium business models" are just a few of the initiatives that showed up early in Anarchy Online. The release also serves to accentuate how much has changed since the game's genesis, as it notes that AO's original 1995 design document questioned the future viability of the internet and hoped for 2,500 subscribers.

No 10-year anniversary would be complete without a respectable bash, and Funcom's release also outlines the festivities coming your way in the form of events and new content. The party (jointly produced by Funcom and Gridstream Productions) starts tomorrow at 7:00 p.m. EDT and will continue into the weekend. Even if you're not up for virtual dancing, you'll want to check it out for a new birthday raid, new vehicles, clothing, gear, action figures, and pets. Head to the official website to learn more.

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Top 10 Largest Impact Structures on Earth

There are hundreds of impact craters found around the world, but less than 50 that are considered Large (over 20km in diameter). As an example, one of the most well-known and best preserved craters is Barringer crater in Arizona (35°2′N 111°1′W), which is just over 1km in diameter, and was created by a nickle-iron meteor, which was about 50m (54yards). This is a minuscule size compared to the large craters of the world, and in this list you can read up on the very biggest of the big. I have included coordinates, so feel free to follow along on Google earth. Don’t be disappointed if you do not see the full effect of the crater on Google earth, as most of these large craters have eroded away, and can only be seen through density scanners and specialized photos.

10

Kara Crater

69°6′N 64°9′E

Kara is a large impact crater found in the Yugorsky Peninsula, Russia. It is estimated to be about 65km (40.3mi) in diameter and over 70 million years old. The crater is originally believed to have been over 120km (74.5mi) in diameter, but much of it has eroded away and the rest has been covered with millions of years’ worth of sedimentary layers, leaving no evidence of its existence on the surface.

9

Morokweng crater

26°28′S 23°32′E

Morokweng crater, or Morkweng impact structure, is a large meteor impact crater found buried beneath the Kalahari Desert, near the town of Morokweng in South Africa. The crater is said to have been formed by a 3km (1.8mi) diameter asteroid, and caused a crater at least 70km (43.8mi) in diameter. In 2006, a group of scientists drilling into the site discovered a 25cm (9.8in) diameter fragment of the original asteroid, at a depth of about 770m (842yards) below the surface. Several smaller pieces were also discovered on the vicinity. This discovery was very unusual, as drilling on large impact structures had never produced such fragments, and it had previously been believed that all large asteroids vaporized almost entirely on impact.

8

Puchezh-Katunki

56°58′N 43°43′E

Puchezh-Katunki is a meteor crater in the Chkalousky District, in Russia. The crater is 80km (49.7mi) in diameter and is an estimated 167 million years old, placing it in the Jurassic era. The crater does not lie exposed at the surface but appears as variations in vegetation and terrain. This crater is one of the only craters of the time frame, which is not associated with extinction.

7

Acraman crater

32°1′S 135°27′E

Acraman crater is a deeply eroded impact crater in the south of Australia. Its location is marked by Lake Acraman, which is a perfectly round lake which formed at the impact site. The crater is estimated 90km (55.9mi) in diameter and is estimated to have occurred about 580 million years ago. The large size estimate would imply an energy release on par with 5.2 x 106 megatons of TNT. Evidence of a huge collision can be found as far as 300km (186.4mi) east of the crater.

6

Chesapeake bay impact crater

37°17′N 76°1′W

Chesapeake Bay impact crater was formed by a bolide (crater forming projectile) that hit the eastern shore of North America about 85 million years ago. It forms one of the best preserved “wet” craters, and is the largest crater in the United States, and comes to about 90km (55.9mi) in diameter. The build-up of sediments over the rubble of the crater has formed Chesapeake bay as it is known today. The initial impact caused great devastation, as within seconds of the impact, millions of liters of water, sediment and broken rock was sent miles into the atmosphere. On the descent it created a tsunami that was so large and powerful that it possibly covered the Blue Ridge Mountain range.

5

Popigai Crater

71°39′N 111°11′E

Popigai crater in Siberia, Russia, comes in tied with Manicouagan crater, as the 4th largest verified impact crater on earth, and it is just about 100km (62mi) in diameter. The bolide impact happened over 35 million years ago. Geologists were fascinated by the Popigai crater for decades before any investigatory expeditions where under taken, as the entire area was off limits due to diamond mining in the area. Finally, in 1997, investigations were under way. The bolide was identified as either an 8km (5mi) diameter chondrite asteroid, or a 5km (3.1mi) diameter stony asteroid. It was discovered that the shock pressure from the initial impact instantaneously turned graphite all along the ground, within a 13.6km (8.4mi) diameter of the impact site, into diamonds.

4

Manicouagan Crater

51°23′N 68°42′W

Manicouagan Crater is one of the oldest impact craters on earth, and is situated in the Cote-Nord region in Quebec, Canada. It is estimated to have been created over 215 million years ago, by a 5km (3.1mi) diameter asteroid. The crater is a 100km (60mi) diameter, multi ringed structure, with the most prominent feature being a circular lake, about 70km (43.4mi) in diameter. This crater also forms the largest in an array of craters believed to be a multiple impact event.

3

Chicxulub Crater

21°20′N 89°30′W

Chicxulub Crater is a huge ancient crater, buried underneath Yucatan Peninsula, in Mexico. The crater is more than 180km (110mi) in diameter, making it the 3rd largest confirmed impact structure on earth. The impacting bolide that formed the crater had to have been at least 10km (6mi) in diameter. The age of the rocks show that the impact structure is roughly 65 million years old, and falls right at the end of the cretaceous period. After almost 20 years of research, on all fields, scientists have concluded that the impact at Chicxulub triggered the mass extinction at the K-T boundary, including those of the dinosaurs between the cretaceous and tertiary periods.

2

Sudbury Basin

46°36′N 81°11′W

Sudbury basin, or Sudbury structure, is a huge impact structure in Ontario, Canada. It is the second largest confirmed impact crater, as well as one of the oldest.

The original crater is believed to have been a lot larger than the current 200km (120mi) diameter crater that is there today. They believe that the bolide that created the crater was over 10km (6.2mi) in diameter, and struck the earth 1.849 billion years ago. The impact was so intense that it scattered debris over a 1,600,000km2 area around the point of impact. Rock fragments from the impact have been found in Minnesota, over 800km (497mi) away.

1

Vredefort dome

27°0′S 27°30′E

Vredefort crater, or dome, is the largest verified impact crater on earth, and can be found around the town of Vredefort in the Free State Province of South Africa. The asteroid that hit Vredefort is estimated to be the largest to hit earth in the last 4 billion years, and was over 15km (9.3mi) in diameter. The resulting crater is just over 300km (186.4mi) in diameter, and its huge size has earned it a title as a world heritage site. It was originally thought that the dome was caused by volcanic eruptions, but in 1990 it was declared that a huge bolide caused the impact structure, as tell-tale shatter cones could be found for miles around. The crater is currently under threat due to the possibility of mineral deposits around the edges, which could result in huge mining industries, destroying a part of this marvel.

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Wilkes land crater

70°S 120°E

This is a huge unverified impact crater found beneath the ice caps in Antarctica. In May of 2006, a group of scientists, lead by Ralph von Frese, used gravity measurements and NASA satellites to identify a 300km (200mi) mass concentration, they also found that the mass was centered within a much larger ring like structure, visible on radar imaging of the land beneath the ice caps. This would suggest that they had found an impact structure over 480km (300mi) in diameter, which was caused by a bolus at least 55km (34.5mi) in diameter. This monster of a crater is believed to have been associated with the greatest mass extinction of all times, about 250 million years ago. Unfortunately, due to the fact that the crater is buried under kilometers of ice, there are no samples to test and verify that this is the largest impact crater on earth, and so it remains on the unverified list.

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Nick Clegg calls for public to get shares in bailed-out banks

Nick Clegg has put a proposal to George Osborne to make public shareholders in RBS and Lloyds. Photograph: Anna Gowthorpe/PA

A giveaway of government-owned shares in RBS and Lloyds, worth hundreds of pounds to British taxpayers, is being proposed by the deputy prime minister.

Nick Clegg has set out his plan in a letter to the chancellor, George Osborne, in which he says such a move would create 46 million shareholders and allow a form of collective ownership of the banks.

Previous sell-offs of shares in state utilities attempted by the Thatcher administration were derided as gimmicks or short-term tax giveaways since the mass of shares were either immediately sold on or resold to the big pension funds within two years.

Conservatives are likely to argue that denationalisation of the banks, brought into semi-public ownership in the years following the banking crash in 2007, should either be used to reduce the deficit, provide tax breaks or even restore public spending. In practice, the shares are not likely to be sold in the short term since the banks' share prices have not yet recovered and they are not ready for sale.

Speaking during a trade mission to Brazil accompanied by an array of cabinet ministers, Clegg said: "Psychologically it is immensely important that the British public feel they have not been overlooked or ignored. Their money has been used to the tune of billions and billions and billions to keep the British banking system on life support and they have absolutely no say at all in what happens when normality is restored."

Critics will contend that people will have no more say if they own a tiny individual shareholding than if the government collectively owns a larger share. But Clegg claimed his plan would reduce public mistrust in the financial sector.

The mass distribution of shares could mean that everyone on the electoral roll or on the national insurance register would receive an estimated 1,450 shares in RBS and 450 shares in Lloyds. Such parcels would be worth £770 on the basis of current share prices.

The Treasury under George Osborne has not yet opposed such a plan, but might be critical if such a move meant its overriding plans to eradicate the deficit in this parliament were undermined.

RBS shares closed yesterday at 36.65p. The break-even price – in terms of the original purchase price for the government – is 50.4p. Lloyds shares were at 47p; the break-even price is 73p. No government would countenance selling the shares until they had reached the break-even price unless under huge pressure from banking management.

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The History of the World Wide Web and Internet

U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) complete history of the Internet when you decided to study how to connect to a computer via a questionnaire in order to form an organic network of 1969 began to. This research program called ARPANET. They communicate with each other in 1970 to be able to form a network, has successfully connected more than 10 computers.

In 1972, he created Roitomurinson e-mail program to complete a year ago for the ARPANET. E - mail program is popular there are now lean, very simple. @ Symbol in the same year "at" or "above" is also important as a symbol that represents the introduction. In 1973, the ARPANET computer network has been developed outside the United States.

Computer University College, London was the first computer in the network outside the United States to be members of the ARPANET. That same year, two computer experts to present the big ideas Mr. Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn was a pioneer in thinking of the Internet.

This idea was first presented at the University of Sussex. Next is a historic day 26. Queen of England to send an e-mail from the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment of at Malvern, March 1976 managed. A year later, more than 100 computers on the ARPANET network or participate in,. In 1979, Tom Truscott, Steve Bellovin Jimuerisu and the creation of the first named USENET newsgroups. France Telecom in 1981, while it is connected to a video link, create a video phone with the introduction of the first topics that can be called the people together.

Since computers form networks and growing every day, it would require a formal protocolthat is recognized by all networks. The year 1982, IP or Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol, or TCP, we all know it. On the other hand, appears to counter computer network such as the European Eunet, computers Netherlands, the UK, providing network services in a country known for Denmark and Sweden. Eunet networks, Usenet newsgroups and e-mail.

In order to homogenize the address on your existing computer network, the Domain Name System, known by the Domain Name System or DNS here in 1984 and then led. Computer connected to the existing network has more than 1,000 computers. In 1987, the number of computers connected to the network increased 10 fold from manjadi 10,000.

In 1988, Finland's Jarko Oikarinen discovered, Internet Relay Chat, or IRC at the same time (Internet Relay Chat) is introduced. A year later, the number of interconnected computers has increased ten-fold return in one year. Have formed a network computer is not less than 100,000. When Tim Berners Lee, able to form a network to be able to roam to find 1990, editor and browser programs from one computer to another computer,,, is the early years. The program is WWW, or refers to the Worl Wide Web.

In 1992, computers that are connected to form a network, surpassed a million computers surfing the Internet term, was the same year. In 1994, growing to 3,000 sites in the site address will appear on the Internet's first virtual shopping and e-tailers. The world is changing. In the same year Yahoo has been established, Netscape Navigator 1.0 is also a good birth.

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How scientists turned a living cell into a green laser

Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) does exactly what its name implies: when excited by light from the blue end of the spectrum, it emits a satisfying green glow. But its deceptively simple name doesn't begin to convey how it has changed biology. It can be fused with other proteins and made by just about any cell, letting researchers track all sorts of biological processes. Variants have been made that glow other colors. Three people got Nobel Prizes for its development. Glowing animals have even become works of art and pets.

And now it has turned a cell into a laser, although researchers had to put mirrors on either side of the cell to get it to work.

Making something into a laser requires the creation of what's called a population inversion. For most systems, the majority of the molecules present sit in the ground state; only a few are excited to higher energies. To get a laser to work, however, it has to be possible to invert that, and place most molecules in the excited state. That way, when a photon of the appropriate wavelength hits a molecule, it will be in the excited state and not be able to absorb the photon; instead, the excited molecule will emit a photon and drop to the ground state.

GFP, the authors of the new work reasoned, has some properties that make it a good candidate for the sort of gain material that makes a population inversion possible. It can absorb a broad range of wavelengths to put it into an excited state, after which it quickly drops to the lowest energy excited state without emitting any photons; it will stay in this state for up to a few nanoseconds. From there, it can undergo stimulated emission of a photon, which it does with something close to an 80 percent quantum efficiency. Provided a pump can keep things cycling to the excited state faster than that handful of nanoseconds (and the authors have access to a laser that can), GFP should be able to lase.

They started off conservatively, working with a solution of purified GFP protein. (They don't list their purification procedure, but it presumably involved keeping any solutions that glowed green.) A drop of the resulting GFP solution was then placed on a mirror with a hydrophobic surface. A second mirror was brought into contact, and then pulled back until it was a few millimeters away; the surface tension kept the drop suspended between the two mirrors. They then began hitting the drop of GFP solution with a pump laser to keep the protein population in an excited state.

Once the pump laser's energy went above 14 nanoJoules, the output energy "rose dramatically faster with increasing pump energy," and the device emitted a green light that was visible to the naked eye. Instead of the relatively broad emission of the native protein (which can release photons from a variety of excited states), the GFP laser's emission was quite narrow, indicating that most of the photons were being emitted from the lowest-energy excited state. The authors found that they could get lasing with protein concentrations as low as 2.5 microMolar.

And that must have gotten them pretty excited, since the GFP concentration inside cells get into the milliMolar range, quite a bit higher than needed for lasing. So, they took a kidney cell line and inserted DNA that encoded GFP into the cells. They estimate that these cells had internal GFP at concentrations of nearly 300µM, well above the requirements for purified protein. A suspension of the cells was then placed next to two narrowly separated mirrors—capillary action sucked the cells (and some of their growth medium) into the space between the mirrors.

A microscope was then used to locate and stimulate individual cells, which proceeded to lase. This required less than a single nanoJoule of stimulation energy, lower than the requirement for the protein solution. The energy was low enough that the cells survived the whole procedure—when they were done lasing, they could be put back into culture and grown further.

Instead of a single point of emission, however, the cells showed a number of distinct internal areas with intense emissions, and these were often at distinct (though similar) wavelengths. Using a diffraction grating, the authors were able to separate out the individual modes of the cellular laser, and found that different cells created distinct patterns. "The exact patterns and eccentricity of the modes result from the specific cell shape and the gain and refractive index profiles within the cell," the authors conclude. In other words, the light that comes out of the cell provide some information about what the cell is structured like internally, although the authors didn't look into how much you could infer about the cell's structure from this output.

It's an amazing piece of work, and the only thing that spoils it a bit is the discussion. The lasing does provide some information on the structure of the cell, but it's not clear that we can't get even better information from simply imaging the GFP directly, since the protein won't end up evenly distributed throughout the cell. Even more speculatively, they suggest that this technique could be adapted to work inside living organisms without the need for mirrors. This bit of speculation would require getting lasing with surface plasmons to work, which we already know faces a lot of its own issues.

We'll have to wait for the authors (or someone else) to determine if the laser's profile can actually be used to extract structural details that elude more conventional imaging techniques. In the mean time, we can console ourselves with the thought that they've done something phenomenally cool.

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Best Credit Card (Top 10: Best Credit Cards)

You must know about credit card. You really need this card to help you buy all things that you want. It is smart card. You will able to buy all things even when you haven’t cash money. You just need to pay all products with credit card in merchant accounts. You don’t need to wait until your boss gives your salary. You can direct buy your want of you have credit card. You need to apply for credit card processing. There are so many merchant accounts that will give you fast report about your bill.

You need to apply credit card processing and wait for them to accept credit cards. You don’t need to worry because you will able to apply for your credit card in fast time. They will accept credit cards via online less then ten minutes. You just need to apply online credit card processing and you will directly using your credit card.

You can also use merchant credit card processing to get your credit card bill. Please pay your bill on time or your will disturbed with your next month bill and charge. You need to use your credit card effective. You can also use PayPal Alternative

10 Citi CITGO MasterCard

Gas prices are through the roof and the more you can save on gas, the better. The Citi CITGO MasterCard makes this easy. You can save up to 10% on all CITGO purchases, including gas, when you use the card. After the introductory period lapses, you still earn a hearty 5% rebate on all CITGO purchases. You earn 1% to 2% on all other purchases. There is a limit of $50 per month of rebates, but getting these rebates is so easy. The rebate amount automatically shows up as a credit on your bill the following month. There is no redemption process and no minimums to get the credit. This makes it easy to get your reward and even easier to feel a little better when you are fueling up at a CITGO.

9 Elite Rewards World MasterCard

You will feel as if you're part of the elite with the Elite Rewards World MasterCard.  You earn double rewards points for purchases from a wide array of participating merchants, plus 800 bonus points after your first purchase. That gets you on the fast track to redeem rewards, gift certificates and merchandise. There is no annual fee and 0% APR for the first 12 months on all balance transfers. Travel rewards are also hassle-free -- you can fly on almost any major U.S. airline with no blackout dates and get discounts from Avis Rental Cars and others when you use the Elite Rewards MasterCard.

8 Capital One Platinum Prestige

If you have excellent credit, you can count on the Capital One Platinum Prestige to keep your rates low. There is a fixed 7.9% APR on all purchases and balance transfers. No teaser rates and no confusion -- just a low interest rate. More importantly, Capital One won’t put you to the penalty rate just because you go over your limit or accidentally miss a payment. No annual fee, no balance transfer fee and no complex rewards point system makes this a choice for those that do not want any distractions when it comes to using one of the best credit cards out there.

7 Bank Of America World Points

The World Points credit card from Bank of America offers a strong rewards program and is not just for those with excellent credit scores. You earn one point for each dollar you spend, and you can exchange those points for travel, merchandise, gift certificates, and even cash. There is a 0% interest rate for the first 12 months on all cash advance checks and balance transfers. Bank of America even offers a $50 bonus credited directly to your statement after enough qualifying transactions.

6 Capital One No Hassle Rewards

The Capital One No Hassle Rewards Card is more than just no hassle: It also makes our top 10 best credit cards list. You are likely familiar with the commercials where the miles you acquire through Capital One are not subject to any blackout dates or restrictions. That’s right, you can redeem your miles for any flight on any date and your miles never expire. There is a satisfactory 13.9% interest rate, but you do earn 1.25 miles for each dollar spent rather than 1.0 like most miles cards. When you are earning miles 25% faster than most people, and there is no limit on the number of miles you can get, the Capital One No Hassle Rewards Card makes for an excellent credit card choice.

5 Commerce Bank (NJ) Visa

If you're not form New Jersey, you probably haven't heard of Commerce Bank. However, if you are a sophisticated credit card user, you need to be introduced to this credit card. There are no real gimmicks or cash back bonuses as many of the best credit cards focus on. This is a solid, all-around card with no annual fee and interest rates ranging from 2.99% to 8.99%. There are absolutely no fees for transferring balances, cash advances, paying late or going over the limit. Try to find another credit card that can match that. For loyalty program fans, this one works too. You earn three Visa Extras Reward Points for each dollar you spend with the Commerce Bank Visa. The card also includes an array of other free features and services for which other cards will usually charge. For instance, there is no additional cost for 100% liability protection from unauthorized transactions, travel and emergency roadside assistance, worldwide travel accident and baggage delay insurance, and warranty management.

4 Discover More

Discover has always advocated cash back as its motto and the Discover More card is that message on steroids. With this card, you can earn up to 5% cash back on qualified travel, gas, restaurant, and entertainment expenses. If you shop online through their shopping site, bonuses can range up to 20% cash back. A basic 1% cash back applies to most other purchases. There is no annual fee and 0% APR for a full year on all balance transfers and purchases. If there are any drawbacks to mention it would have to be that some smaller businesses do not accept Discover, and there are some restrictions on your cash-back bonuses.

3 Citi CashReturns

When you want savings and cash back, the Citi CashReturns card is a very attractive option: You earn a 1% cash back bonus on every single purchase you make, with restrictions or limits. For the first 12 months, you also get a 20% bonus on your cash back rewards and 0% APR on any balance transfers. There is no annual fee and redeeming the rewards is very simple -- actually, effortless. Each time you earn $50 in cash-back bonus, a check is automatically sent to you. There is no redemption process or calling customer service to get the rewards this card promises you upfront.

2 American Express Blue

American Express has long been known for its commitment to excellence and customer service. The Blue card is no exception. For new applicants, there is no annual fee and a 0% APR for up to 15 months. Balance transfers get a very reasonable 4.99% interest rate for the life of the balance. Additionally, American Express does not play games with how payments are applied to maximize interest for them. Apart from having a good looking card, being a Blue card holder gives you access to their reputable Rewards Express program where you can earn points toward gift cards, entertainment and many other gifts and items -- all with no hassle. If you opt for the Blue Cash program, you receive cash deposited directly to a high-yield savings account.

1 Chase Freedom

Credit cards offer everything from reward points, frequent flyer miles, cash back, gas rebates, and even gift cards. The Chase Freedom Credit Card makes your choice easy by not making you choose just one -- you really can have everything with this card. It doesn't matter what you do Chase reviews your bill each month and then automatically puts you in the program that will give you the biggest savings. For the places you shop the most each month, you can get triple reward points or 3% cash back -- everything else gets you one point or 1% cash back. There is a 14.99% interest rate and some limits on the amount of rebates you can get back, but no annual fee and it is fairly easy to redeem your rewards. There may be better cards, but across the board, you no longer have to worry about if you are using the right credit card to get maximum savings. Chase customer service and online account tools are also outstanding.

Credit Card Bliss

A credit card is one of your most powerful financial management tools and offers tremendous convenience when you are buying, whether it's gas for your car or a vacation. With issuers bending over backward to extend you credit, there is no reason to just take the first approval that comes your way. The best credit cards will offer you money-saving low interest rates and money-making incentives, such as cash-back rebates and reward points, to make it worthwhile for you to use their card.

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